On Dec
17, 2010, the Cabinet agreed to introduce School-Based Assessment, or
Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS), as part of the Education
Transformation Plan to realign the education system from one that
focuses largely on academic excellence to a more holistic assessment.
PBS emphasises assessment for learning and assessment of learning to ensure a more systematic mastery of knowledge.
PBS
assesses each child holistically, taking into account the learner’s
overall well-being (including the intellectual, emotional, spiritual and
physical aspects) in tandem with the National Education Philosophy, as
well as the Standard Curriculum for Primary Schools (KSSR).
PBS
was introduced last year in all government and government-aided primary
schools, and this year in all government and government-aided secondary
schools. Thus Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) in 2016 and
Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR) 2014 will be revamped to accommodate the
transformation.
What is PBS?
PBS is a holistic
form of assessment which assesses the cognitive, affective and
psychomotor domains, encompassing the intellectual, emotional, spiritual
and physical aspects. PBS embraces both academic and non-academic
fields.
Teachers are given due recognition and have the autonomy
to conduct formative assessment during the learning process and also
summative assessment at the conclusion of a learning unit or any other
suitable time during the school year at their own discretion, taking
into account their pupils’ readiness.
There are four components
in the PBS; namely, Central Assessment; School Assessment; Assessment of
Physical, Sports and Co-curricular Activities and Psychometric
Assessment.
Central assessment involves one or more tasks set by
the Examinations Syndicate but administered and graded by teachers based
on scoring rubrics provided by the central body.
School assessment is set, administered, graded and reported by the school based on the requirements of the curriculum.
Learners’
participation and involvement in sports and co-curricular activities
are recorded and reported in Assessment of Physical, Sports and
Co-curricular Activities. Thus co-curricular activities also have a
bearing on a pupil’s overall achievement.
Psychometric assessment is another non-academic component that measures pupils’ innate and acquired abilities.
Why PBS?
The objectives of the PBS are:
·To
enhance the meaningfulness of assessment where the focus is more on
pupils’ development and growth in learning rather than merely on their
achievements in the form of scores or grades;
·To reduce the
over-reliance and over-dependence on data (grades and scores) obtained
through central examinations in getting information about pupils in the
school system;
·To empower the school and teachers to conduct
quality assessment of and for learning, involving their own pupils.
Therefore school assessment will be given its due recognition and
acknowledgement, and a significant place in the overall assessment
system; and,
·To ensure the performance of pupils is comparable
to accepted world standards in various areas of knowledge, skills, and
competence, with the introduction of Standard-Referenced assessment in
PBS.
What subjects are assessed through PBS?
PBS is used to assess all subjects taught in primary and lower secondary schools.
How do teachers implement PBS?
Teachers
conduct formative assessment during the learning process and also
summative assessment, which is normally carried out at the conclusion of
a learning unit or at the end of a semester or at the end of the year.
This
does not mean that teachers have to create test papers or handouts as
instruments every time they wish to assess a pupil’s achievement.
Teachers may carry out creative activities that are fun, to gather
information about their pupils’ learning progress.
Homework,
quizzes, question and answer sessions and even observations are all
examples of activities which teachers could use as instruments to assess
pupils’ development and growth.
The only difference now is that teachers have to record pupils’ learning progress systematically.
In
order to help teachers record and report pupils’ progress, the
Examinations Syndicate has developed the PBS Management System (SPPBS)
which is web-based. SPPBS is also available in the standalone version
for schools which do not have access to the Internet.
How is PBS different?
PBS
concurs with the Standard Referenced Assessment in which pupils’
achievements are measured against a Performance Standard (Standard
Prestasi) which is developed by the Examinations Syndicate and mapped
from the standard curriculum.
Performance Standard explains the
performance or mastery of a pupil in a particular field he undertakes
within a learning period based on an identified benchmark.
Standard
Referenced Assessment allows teachers as well as parents to trace and
measure each pupil’s progress based on his performance measured against a
set of performance indicators.
Thus, a learner’s achievement is
no longer measured by comparing his grades/scores with those of his
peers. In this manner, a learner only competes with himself.
Therefore
a learner’s achievement is no longer gauged by his position in class.
Instead his achievement is ranked with reference to bands One to Six;
One being the lowest and Six the highest.
What are bands?
Learners’ achievements are reported with reference to Bands rather than Grades A,B,C etc, or raw scores, eg. 85%.
Band One shows that a learner tahu or knows. For example, in Mathematics, a Year One learner is able to recognise numbers 1,2,3 ...
Band Two reflects tahu dan faham or
knows and understands, which in Mathematics refers to the ability to
understand the value of numbers; for example, eight is less than nine,
four is more than three etc.
Band Three records that a learner tahu, faham dan boleh buat, which
shows that he is able to apply knowledge acquired. In Mathematics, Band
Three shows that a learner can add, subtract, divide and multiply.
A learner who has attained Band Three is considered to have acquired the basic skills pertaining to the subject.
A learner who attains Band Four (tahu, faham dan boleh buat dengan beradab) shows the ability to solve an elementary mathematical operation using the correct protocol.
A Band Five (tahu, faham dan boleh buat dengan beradab)
reflects the learner’s ability to solve problems. For example, if a
spring chicken costs RM5, how many chickens can Ali buy with RM10?
Finally,
a learner who is awarded a Band Six demonstrates the ability to make a
value judgement and is creative or innovative in solving mathematical
problems. For example, the blue shirt costs RM30 but it is on offer at
50% discount, thus it is better value compared to the same quality shirt
on sale at RM20 nett.
Band Three is equal to a passing grade.
Thus pupils who fail to achieve Band Three will be supported through
remedial work to help them achieve a minimum Band Three.
PBS
makes it possible for teachers to provide immediate feedback to pupils
at each stage of the learning curve. The feedback based on the
Performance Standard will enable teachers and pupils to identify their
strengths and weaknesses during the learning process.
Thus, early
detection of pupils’ inability to master a skill should enable the
teachers to formulate remedial tasks to help them improve their learning
and achievement accordingly.
Again, it is wise to remember that
pupils are assessed against a set of performance indicators and not
compared to the achievements of their peers.
Hence PBS enables learners’ to advance at their own pace in a less stressful learning environment.
Would PBS further burden teachers?
The
main focus of PBS is assessment for and of learning. Assessment should
be integrated in the learning process and be used to enhance pupils’
mastery of learning. If managed and implemented wisely, teachers would
find PBS beneficial and less burdensome.
To ensure the smooth
sailing of PBS, two applications – PBS Management System or SPPBS
(Sistem Pengurusan Pentaksiran Berasakan Sekolah) and PAJSK (Pentaksiran
Aktiviti Jasmani, Sukan dan Kokurikulum) – were developed to ensure
teachers are not further burdened with clerical duties.
The
applications store data pertaining to learners’ achievement which can be
easily retrieved to report learners’ strengths and areas where more
help is needed to parents and other interested parties.
What about teacher bias?
Teacher bias is largely reduced through quality assurance which ensures the reliability and validity of assessment outcomes.
Teachers
are required to file evidence of pupils’ work as proof that the learner
has attained the necessary skills to merit the bands they are awarded.
In this context, quality assurance for PBS implementation is maintained
through the process of mentoring, monitoring, moderation and detection
at various levels.
Mentoring is the process of assisting,
facilitating and guiding teachers to carry out PBS according to the
correct procedures and principles of PBS.
Monitoring ensures that
the correct procedures have been adhered to ensure the reliability and
credibility of the assessment outcome.
Standardisation ensures uniformity of scores with reference to the Performance Standards based on the rubrics of an assignment.
Detection is the process that evaluates the strength, weaknesses and effectiveness of assessment tools.
Is the PBS a new invention?
No,
it is not. Question and answer sessions, quizzes, homework and class
work are all tools of assessment that have been employed by teachers to
gauge their learners’ understanding. Teaching and learning is more fun
and meaningful when assessment is cleverly designed and conducted.
Conclusion
PBS
is being introduced as part of the National Transformation Programme to
produce world-class human capital. It is one of the measures taken by
the Malaysian Education Ministry to enhance pupils’ mastery of learning
through the national assessment system and it is in-line with the
Educational Transformation Plan.
The assessment transformation
introduced by the Education Ministry via the PBS presents the idea that
central examinations like the UPSR and PMR are no longer the sole form
of evaluation in measuring pupils’ achievement.
Through the PBS,
the ministry aims to help pupils’ realise their potential in both
academic as well as non-academic fields within a learning environment
that is more stress-free.
In a nutshell, PBS is an arduous
endeavour that demands total commitment from teachers and school
administrators to help each child reach their full potential.
